How to measure Seebeck coefficient?

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Measuring the Seebeck coefficient (which is also called "thermopower") is basically very easy.

But it requires a proper measuring instrument to do the task.

    Seebeck coefficient is the ratio between the potential difference developed (dV) and the temperature gradient applied (dT).

      So, a temperature gradient must be created between the two points/sides of the sample and the resulting voltage (dV) must be measured by taking electrical connections from those two points. Meanwhile, the temperatures at the HOT and COLD points must also be measured and then temperature difference be calculated (dT= Thot - Tcold).

Finally, the ratio dV/dT is nothing but the Seebeck coefficient.

The sign of the Seebeck coefficient indicates whether the sample is a p-type or n-type conductor.
The positive sign indicates p-type, negative indicates n-type material.